South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol abandoned a short-lived attempt at martial law on Wednesday after lawmakers defied security forces to vote against his declaration and thousands of protesters took to the streets.
Yoon's shock bid to impose South Korea's first martial law in over four decades plunged the country into its deepest turmoil in its modern democratic history and caught its close allies around the world off guard.
The United States, which stations nearly 30,000 troops in South Korea to protect it from the nuclear-armed North, initially voiced deep concern at the declaration, then relief that martial law was over.
The dramatic developments also left the future of Yoon -- a conservative politician and former star public prosecutor who was elected president in 2022 -- in jeopardy.
South Korea's main opposition party -- whose lawmakers jumped fences and tussled with security forces so they could vote to overturn the law -- demanded Yoon to step down immediately over the attempted "insurrection".
The nation's largest umbrella labour union also called an "indefinite general strike" until Yoon resigned.
And the leader of Yoon's own ruling party even described the attempt as "tragic" while calling for those involved to be held accountable.
Yoon backed down after lawmakers voted to oppose the declaration, which he made late on Tuesday night citing the threat of North Korea and "anti-state forces".
"Just a moment ago, there was a demand from the National Assembly to lift the state of emergency, and we have withdrawn the military that was deployed for martial law operations," Yoon said in a televised address around 4:30 am (1930 GMT Tuesday).
"We will accept the National Assembly's request and lift the martial law through the Cabinet meeting."
Yonhap news agency then reported that Yoon's cabinet had approved the motion to lift the order.
- 'Impeachment' -
The U-turn prompted jubilation among protesters outside parliament who had braved freezing temperatures to keep vigil through the night in defiance of Yoon's martial law order.
Demonstrators who had been waving South Korean flags and chanting "Arrest Yoon Suk Yeol" outside the National Assembly erupted in cheers.
Lim Myeong-pan, 55, told AFP that Yoon's decision to rescind martial law did not absolve him of wrongdoing.
"Yoon's act of imposing it in the first place without legitimate cause is a serious crime in itself,” Lim told AFP.
"He has paved his own path to impeachment with this."
Defying security forces, 190 lawmakers managed to get in to the assembly in the early hours of Wednesday and unanimously voted to oppose martial law.
Under the constitution, martial law must be lifted when a majority in parliament demands it.
- 'Anti-state' elements -
Yoon had given a range of reasons to justify martial law -- South Korea's first in more than 40 years.
"To safeguard a liberal South Korea from the threats posed by North Korea's communist forces and to eliminate anti-state elements plundering people's freedom and happiness, I hereby declare emergency martial law," Yoon said in a televised address.
Yoon did not give details of the North's threats, but the South remains technically at war with nuclear-armed Pyongyang.
"Our National Assembly has become a haven for criminals, a den of legislative dictatorship that seeks to paralyse the judicial and administrative systems and overturn our liberal democratic order," Yoon said.
The president labelled the main opposition Democratic Party, which holds a majority in the 300-member parliament, "anti-state forces intent on overthrowing the regime".
Yoon and his People Power Party are also bitterly at odds with the opposition over next year's budget. Opposition MPs last week approved a significantly downsized budget plan through a parliamentary committee.
The imposition of emergency martial law came after Yoon's approval rating dropped to 19 percent in the latest Gallup poll last week, with many expressing dissatisfaction over his handling of the economy and controversies involving his wife, Kim Keon Hee.
- Concern, relief -
Democratic South Korea is a major ally for the United States in Asia, but Washington said it was not given advance notice of Yoon's plan to impose martial law.
"We are relieved President Yoon has reversed course on his concerning declaration of martial law and respected the ROK National Assembly’s vote to end it," a National Security Council spokesperson said in a statement, using the acronym for South Korea's official name.
China, a key ally of North Korea, had urged its nationals in the South to stay calm and exercise caution, while Britain said it was "closely monitoring developments".
Vladimir Tikhonov, professor of Korea studies at the University of Oslo, said Yoon's move to impose martial law was "an attempt to wind the history back".
"I don't think South Korea's civil society can recognise Yoon as a legitimate president any longer," he told AFP.
